風(feng)水(shui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)中華(hua)民(min)族歷史悠久的(de)(de)(de)(de)一門(men)玄術(shu)。風(feng)水(shui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)力量,在古代稱為堪輿(yu)學(xue)(xue),堪是(shi)(shi)(shi)指觀察天(tian)(tian)、輿(yu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)勘察地(di),天(tian)(tian)包括風(feng)、云、空氣等(deng),地(di)包含(han)水(shui)、地(di)質等(deng)。這是(shi)(shi)(shi)一門(men)專門(men)研究人(ren)(ren)與(yu)環境以及宇宙(zhou)磁(ci)場規律(lv)運用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)哲(zhe)(zhe)學(xue)(xue),風(feng)水(shui)講(jiang)究的(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)與(yu)宇宙(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運動規律(lv)自然(ran)和諧。其核心(xin)思想是(shi)(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)人(ren)(ren)合一,是(shi)(shi)(shi)古代人(ren)(ren)治(zhi)國安(an)民(min)等(deng)社會功(gong)能(neng)所形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)精深學(xue)(xue)問。歷史上不僅儒、釋、道(dao)三教都樂(le)于此道(dao),政治(zhi)家、軍事(shi)家、教育家、地(di)理(li)學(xue)(xue)家等(deng)很多領(ling)域(yu)都把風(feng)水(shui)學(xue)(xue)說作為必須掌握和精通的(de)(de)(de)(de)知(zhi)識學(xue)(xue)科。它(ta)具有我國古代哲(zhe)(zhe)理(li)、美學(xue)(xue)、心(xin)理(li)、地(di)質、生態、天(tian)(tian)文、宗教諸方(fang)面豐富內涵,并(bing)包含(han)著人(ren)(ren)如何(he)順應自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式。
正(zheng)因為風水(shui)學(xue)說是(shi)中國先民(min)在與(yu)(yu)自然相處和考(kao)察協調(diao)過程中逐(zhu)步形成的(de)(de)一(yi)種遠(yuan)古科學(xue),在古代一(yi)般有(you)文化(hua)的(de)(de)人都懂得風水(shui)。而(er)中國山(shan)水(shui)畫與(yu)(yu)風水(shui)術結(jie)合(he)豐富了山(shan)水(shui)畫理(li)論,對(dui)山(shan)水(shui)畫創作提供了一(yi)個參考(kao)體系。其原因是(shi)與(yu)(yu)中國傳統(tong)文化(hua)分不開的(de)(de),是(shi)綜(zong)合(he)性思維下產生的(de)(de)一(yi)種天人合(he)一(yi)觀念,把這相應的(de)(de)事(shi)物(wu)建(jian)立(li)起內在聯(lian)系,那(nei)么中國古代的(de)(de)山(shan)水(shui)畫都包(bao)含哪些風水(shui)理(li)論?
一、覓龍(long)(long)(long):古稱龍(long)(long)(long)真穴才真,就(jiu)(jiu)是藏(zang)風(feng)納水(shui)(shui)(shui)的山(shan)(shan)(shan)脈,土是龍(long)(long)(long)之肉(rou),石是龍(long)(long)(long)之骨,草(cao)木是龍(long)(long)(long)之毛(mao)。以五行(xing)原理解(jie)釋就(jiu)(jiu)是,藏(zang)風(feng)聚(ju)(ju)氣(qi)(qi)是以脈為(wei)先,能(neng)遮(zhe)惡風(feng),山(shan)(shan)(shan)岡大勢必(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)(you)分(fen)合聚(ju)(ju)會(hui),夫(fu)分(fen)即(ji)因水(shui)(shui)(shui)而(er)(er)界(jie),合亦因水(shui)(shui)(shui)而(er)(er)聚(ju)(ju),故山(shan)(shan)(shan)行(xing)千里,轉顧而(er)(er)變(bian),逐成局勢。山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)本不分(fen)離,而(er)(er)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和龍(long)(long)(long)穴的關系比(bi)龍(long)(long)(long)脈直接,所以入(ru)山(shan)(shan)(shan)必(bi)(bi)須要有(you)(you)(you)尋水(shui)(shui)(shui)口。水(shui)(shui)(shui)口就(jiu)(jiu)是地勢的最(zui)低點,積水(shui)(shui)(shui)的出口在風(feng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)學能(neng)起到換氣(qi)(qi)的作用。一幅風(feng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)畫,有(you)(you)(you)龍(long)(long)(long)脈環抱(bao),前有(you)(you)(you)朝砂,后有(you)(you)(you)迎砂,而(er)(er)山(shan)(shan)(shan)川走勢必(bi)(bi)有(you)(you)(you)虎砂屹(yi)立在右,龍(long)(long)(long)砂屹(yi)立在左。山(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)貴在“藏(zang)風(feng)”而(er)(er)風(feng)無(wu)蹤可尋,無(wu)跡可認,因此要想藏(zang)風(feng)聚(ju)(ju)氣(qi)(qi),就(jiu)(jiu)得(de)以龍(long)(long)(long)脈為(wei)先。
二(er)是點穴(xue):就(jiu)是龍(long)脈(mo)四周的(de)(de)小山高低式隆起(qi)之處,兩邊(bian)鵠立,命(ming)(ming)日待砂(sha)(sha)(sha),能遮惡擋風,從龍(long)擁抱命(ming)(ming)為(wei)衛砂(sha)(sha)(sha),外(wai)御凹風,內增氣勢(shi),繞抱穴(xue)后的(de)(de)迎(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha),平低鞠躬,做參拜(bai)之狀,在面前特立的(de)(de)是朝(chao)砂(sha)(sha)(sha),這些護砂(sha)(sha)(sha)的(de)(de)職能在于(yu)侍、衛、迎(ying)、朝(chao)、它們和主山之間是一(yi)種主仆關系,位(wei)于(yu)穴(xue)位(wei)左側的(de)(de)叫龍(long)砂(sha)(sha)(sha),也稱上砂(sha)(sha)(sha),位(wei)居(ju)右(you)側的(de)(de)虎(hu)砂(sha)(sha)(sha),又叫下砂(sha)(sha)(sha),二(er)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)對于(yu)收氣擋風關系重大。而穴(xue)位(wei)如何(he)定、山隨水(shui)(shui)行(xing)、水(shui)(shui)界(jie)山位(wei),水(shui)(shui)隨山行(xing),山防水(shui)(shui)去,必須要交互水(shui)(shui)口,水(shui)(shui)口就(jiu)是指最低點。積(ji)水(shui)(shui)在水(shui)(shui)口,主要起(qi)換氣作用。
古(gu)代的風(feng)(feng)水(shui)學說最終目的是服(fu)務(wu)于人,受道家思想文化的影響,風(feng)(feng)水(shui)理論(lun)要(yao)結合山和(he)水(shui)等方面要(yao)素來尋求能(neng)夠體現出(chu)天、地、人和(he)諧的地方。從歷代風(feng)(feng)水(shui)學盛興(xing)起,上至君臣,下至文人士(shi)丈夫(fu)對其都有涉獵。正是如此風(feng)(feng)水(shui)學說的理論(lun)思想也(ye)影響著(zhu)山水(shui)畫創作。古(gu)人提出(chu)的可(ke)觀、可(ke)望、可(ke)游、可(ke)居的理論(lun),也(ye)只有在山水(shui)畫融入風(feng)(feng)水(shui)理論(lun),才能(neng)達到(dao)這些要(yao)求。